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Graded Homework Assignment #2

On Description and Inference, Types of Evidence, Standard Form, Arguments and Sub-arguments

Chapters 1, 2, 3 in text

20 points Total:  20% of Final Grade

 DUE Friday August 7, 2015 11:59 p.m

All assignments should be typed;  should include the numbers of the questions; and should follow directions below, as to use of complete sentences, standard form, sub-argument, etc. wherever I so indicate.

Part I of this assignment is based on the New York Times Magazine article, “Identification, Please” by Helen MacDonald, June 19^th, 2015.  A link to this article is provided under Part I (Description and Inference).

Part II of this assignment is based on the New York Times article, “Roads to Ruin”, by op-ed contributor, William F. Laurance, April 12^th, 2015.  A  link to this article is provided under Part II (on argument,  sub-argument, standard form, & types of evidence).

 There is also an optional extra credit question in Part III.

Part I:  Description and inference:  (6  points total)

This question is based on the following New York Times Magazine article:

The above article begins with a “description” by the author of a view of Australia’s Blue Mountains National Park.  In the first paragraph of an approximately 1.5  – 2 page essay (double-spaced) you should address whether or not the author also makes any inferences within her description, or if she suggests that, from the description that she has just given, that she must now make some inferences.  You need not repeat the entire description, but only have to address the question about inferences.  The rest of your approximately 2 page essay, you should address the following questions, after reading the entire above article:

Most of this article includes a discussion of “natural-history field guides” by which people can try to identify various animals, birds, and plants in nature when they come across them during hikes, in their backyards, etc.   This raises some interesting questions about description and inference.  Do these guides actually provide only “descriptions” of the birds, plants, etc.,  or do some of the guides already include inferences or interpretations of the animals and plants?  Secondly, must the user of “field guides” make inferences from the “descriptions” of birds, animals and plants in the field guides, when they are trying to identify these animals and plants in the field?   What types of inferences, and how do they make these inferences in the field?   In your essay, you should address these questions, by drawing upon examples and details from the article.  You may also include other observations or your own about what the author discusses, especially if your observations also involve your own inferences, or involve comments about what counts as description and what counts as inference.  If you have ever used a field guide or some other type of guide to make identifications, you may include your experience in the essay, too.

PART II:  Argument, Sub-Argument, Standard Form and Types of Evidence (Total: 14 points:  #1:  10 points;  #2:  4 points)

This part is based on the following New York Times article:

After reading the entire above article,  answer the following questions: 

1)      Select a main conclusion for the entire main argument of the article.  (There are several possibilities here  for a conclusion, and you need not rely on a direct quote from the article.)

                 Put into standard form the author’s argument with the conclusion you selected and include all the most important main premises. You are also required to include at least two sub-arguments in your standard form, but you should include more than two sub-arguments if it adds to the coherency of the argument.   Remember that parts of any long article might not actually be parts of the argument, although you should make sure that you include all important premises of the argument.

                Remember that sub-arguments should be integrated into the standard form of the entire main argument.  Examples of standard form can be found in the text and an example of sub-argument can be found in the electronic reserves article on Blackboard Learn,   “Thinking Clearly: A Guide to Critical Reasoning: Standardizing Arguments”, by Jill Leblanc((Look in attachments).   See also the power point presentation for Week 3.(In the attachments)

                 If you do not know what sub-arguments are, and how to integrate them into your standard form, you should consult me during office hours.  If you do not use standard form, you will receive a zero for this answer; and if you do not include sub-arguments (which also need to be incorporated into the standard form for the entire main argument), you will lose points on your answer.

                Remember that you can reconstruct the argument in your own words – you need not rely only on direct quotes.  In addition, remember that premises have to be statements – they should not be questions.  Therefore, rephrase any questions that you think are important to this argument, into statements.

                Do not try to simply “retell the entire story” and do not treat this as an outline.  The premises you select should support the conclusion you have selected (and they should be the reconstruction of the author’s argument, rather than your own argument).  In the sub-arguments that you set up, make sure that the “sub-premises” actually support the premise that you are treating as the sub-conclusion of the sub-argument.

                 Remember also that, in reconstructing an argument, it is not always necessary to proceed in the order of the article.   (10  points)

2)       Include in parentheses after each premise (and each sub-premise) in your argument for #1, the types of evidence that the author used (such as fact, factual judgment, reasoned speculation, conjecture, cause and effect, statistics, testimony, anecdotes, circumstantial evidence, conditional claims, analogy, etc.).  If necessary, you may discuss (in a paragraph) further types of evidence upon which the author relied (for this particular argument) that may not be indicated by the premises (and sub-premises) you include in #1, or as further explanation of the types of evidence you indicated in parentheses.   I am asking about types of evidence, as discussed in chapter 3 (pp. 93 ff of your text, and as also discussed on pp. 45 – 49, and as discussed in class and in the power point presentation from Week 5), and not the content of this evidence. (in the attachments) (4 points)