ANATOMY,BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY,PHARMACOLOGY,PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

AnatomyBackward effects of left-sided heart failure include:Pulmonary congestionJugular vein distentionDependent edema in the legsBounding pulsesAnatomyIn performing a physical assessment, the nurse notes the patient has a “barrel” configuration to the chest. This is a consequence of:Reduced intrapleural pressuresBronchial airway expansionIncreased vital capacityIncreased residual lung volume,AnatomyAusculation of the chest reveals bilateral fine crackles in the bases bilaterally, indicating:Right-sided heart failureLeft-sided heart failurePneumoniaAcute respiratory distress syndromeBiologyThe signs and symptoms of anemia are all related to what common pathophysiologic feature of the condition?Increased oxygen consumption by tissuesDecreased blood oxygen contentVasodilationD.      A shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curveBiologyIn addition to hypertension, preeclampsia is characterized by:Nausea and vomitingFatigue and lower back painProtein in the urine and edemaRetinal changes and rates in the lungsBiologyCommon manifestations of bacterial pneumonia include all of the following except:FeverProductive CoughTachypneaHyperinflationBiologyClosed drainage systems work to re-expand a lung after pneumothorax by:Re-establishing the normal negative intrapleural pressure.Creating a positive pressure in the pleural spaceRemoving excess fluid from the pleural space so that there is room for lung expansion.Pulling oxygen into distal air sacs to re-expand lung tissueBiologyPatients with chronic renal failure usually exhibit:BradycardiaHypokalemiaHypocalcemiaHematomasBiologyThe diet of a patient in end-stage kidney disease is restricted in all of the following except:FluidPotassiumProteinCaloriesAnatomyWhich of the following is true of the biological functions of progesterone?Progesterone is the most important hormone associated with pregnancy.Progesterone directs male sexual characteristics.Levels of progesterone increases if the egg is not fertilized.Levels of progesterone remain stable if the egg is not fertilized.AnatomyWhich of the following is true of the biological functions of testosterone?Testosterone is not secreted by the ovaries.Testosterone is needed for development of female secondary sexual characteristics.Testosterone stimulates ovulation.Testosterone is needed for development of male secondary sexual characteristics.AnatomyWhich of the following is true of the biological functions of estrone?Estrone is required for proper development of male secondary sexual characteristics.Level of estrogen degreases if the egg is not fertilized.Estrone is required for proper development of female secondary sexualcharacteristics.NMEstrone affects only the reproductive organs.BiologyWhat is the function of hemoglobin?Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.Hemoglobin is a lipid in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.Hemoglobin is a protein in white blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that is not responsible for carrying carbon dioxide to the cells of the body.BiologyWhy is heat an effective means of sterilization?Heat is an effective means of sterilization because it destroys the proteins of microbial life forms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses.Heat is an effective means of sterilization because it destroys the proteins of anaerobic microbial life forms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses.Heat is an effective means of sterilization because it destroys the lipids of microbial life forms, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses.Both (B) and (C).Chemistry:List the enzymes whose levels are elevated in the blood serum following an MI.CPK, LDH, AST, and SGOTLDH, AST, and SGOTCRE, AST, and ALTNone of the aboveChemistryWhat is the physiological function of gluconeogenesis?Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are low. This ensures proper function of brain and red blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are high. This ensures proper function of brain and white blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from carbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are low. This ensures proper function of brain and red blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.None of the aboveChemistryWhat effect does glycogen metabolism have on glucose levels?Glycogen metabolism traps glucose within liver cells and increases storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. These processes decrease blood glucose levels.Glycogen metabolism traps glucose within liver cells and increases storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. These processes increase blood glucose levels.Glycogen metabolism releases glucose within liver cells and increases storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. These processes decrease blood glucose levels.None of the aboveChemistryCarbon monoxide binds tightly to the heme groups of hemoglobin and myoglobin. How does this affinity reflect the toxicity of carbon monoxide?Since carbon monoxide binds the heme groups of hemoglobin, it is easily removed or replaced by oxygen. As a result, the effects of oxygen enhancement result in what divers call the “bends.”Because carbon monoxide binds the heme groups of hemoglobin, it is easily removed or replaced by oxygen. As a result, the effects of oxygen deprivation result in suffocation.Because carbon monoxide binds tightly to the heme groups of hemoglobin, it is not easily removed or replaced by oxygen. As a result, the effects of oxygen deprivation result in suffocation.None of the abovePathophysiologyWhich of the following may be a reason to order an ABG on a patient?The patient suddenly develops shortness of breathAn asthmatic is starting to show signs of tiringA diabetic has developed Kussmaul’s respirationsAll of the abovePharmacologyHow do sulfa drugs selectively kill bacteria while causing no harm to humans?Folic acid is a vitamin required for the synthesis of a coenzyme needed to make the amino acid methionine and the purine and pyrimidine nitrogenious bases for DNA and RNA and folic acid is produced by humans.Sulfa drug binds to the enzyme, no product is formed, folic acid is made and the biosynthesis of methionine and nitrogenous bases increases.Humans are not harmed because they do not synthesize their own folic acid. It is obtained in the diet.None of the abovePharmacologyWhat occurs when glycogen metabolism is stimulated by insulin?Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis.Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis. It also stimulates removal of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and phosphorylation of glucose by the enzyme glucokinase.Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis. It also stimulates uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and phosphorylation of glucose by the enzyme glucokinase.All of the abovePharmacologyWhat is the medical application of cortisone? Cortisone is used to treat:Rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, and a variety of skin conditions.Kidney disease, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis.Muscle disorders, tuberculosis, and thyroid disorder.All of the aboveAnatomyOxygen saturation is likely to be lowest when an asthmatic with a diagnosis of pneumonia is positioned:In a high Fowler positionLying on the left sideLying on the right sideLying supine with the head of the bed flatChemistryLaboratory test results indicative of thrombocytopenia, in addition to a low platelet count, would be:Increased PTProlonged bleeding time and poor clot retraction.Increased aPTTDecreased RBC count.Pharmacology The purposes of epinephrine injection include all of the following except:       Stabilizing mast cell membranes.Relaxing bronchial smooth muscle.Supporting arterial blood pressure.Blocking histamine receptors.Pharmacology Therapeutic interventions focused on increasing the oxygen supplied to the heart and decreasing the heart’s demand for oxygen include:Antiplatelet drugsAnticoagulantsMorphine sulphateD.Thrombolytic drugsPharmacology An intervention that would contribute toward the healing of a peptic ulcer is:Steroid administrationBlocking or neutralizing of acid secretionSurgical removal of the ulcerIntravenous nutritional supportPharmacology Aspirin and NSAIDs are causative factors for the development of peptic ulcer disease because they:      A.Increase acid secretionAllow proliferation of H. pyloriDamage the mucosal barrierAlter platelet aggregationPharmacology Your patient is interested in trying medication to improve low mood/depression. All of the following medications might be appropriate except:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitorsAmitriptylineSerotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitorsBenzodiazepines